• joint stability, providing control exercises delivering mobility using isometric strengthening.
• Balancing muscle tone, length and strength using appropriate techniques,
• moving onto more functional dynamic strengthening exercises, as soon as appropriate.

Among professional and amateur golfers, low back pain has been cited as the most common golf-related injury.

• In the modern swing, the golfer finishes in a lordotic 'reversed c' position.
• This 'reversed c' leads to hyper-extension of the lower back which adds increased stress on the joints and para spinal muscles of the lumbar spine.
• Increased loads to the lumbar spine during the golf swing, as well as the large forces generated by these muscles.
• This may predispose the golfer to muscular strains, spondylosis (degenerative spine condition) and associated risk of herniated discs.

• The middle of the upper back or thoracic spine can make or break the golf swing.
• A flexible and supple T-spine will allow for smooth swing mechanics while restrictions will inevitably lead to poor performance and/or injury.
• The ribs need to be able to expand, contract and rotate. This allows the diaphragm to move freely.
• Rotation can be restricted if the muscles between the ribs (the intercostal muscles) are tight. You may have felt something similar to a sharp, stabbing pain in your ribs after a day of hitting balls.
• This could be your intercostal muscles telling you that they have worked too hard.

The wrist is one of the most common sites of injury in golfers.

Shoulder pain in golfers is a relatively common occurrence compared to other sites of the body, accounting for approximately 8–18% of all golf injuries.

• The shoulder goes through a large range of movement during the golf swing.
• Consequently, excessive practice can produce problems of the shoulder due to overuse.
• Injuries to the shoulder in golfers are mainly restricted to the lead shoulder, i.e. the left shoulder in right-handed golfers.
• Studies have found that shoulder pain may be localised to the acromio-clavicular (AC) joint, with the potential for either osteoarthritis or distal clavicle osteolysis.

Elbow injuries are common in golfers, especially in amateurs and particularly in females.

• This is thought to be due to the increased carrying angle seen in the female population.
• Elbow injuries account for 25–33% of all injuries in amateurs and 7–10% of all injuries in professionals.